منابع مشابه
Parasites dominate food web links.
Parasitism is the most common animal lifestyle, yet food webs rarely include parasites. The few earlier studies have indicated that including parasites leads to obvious increases in species richness, number of links, and food chain length. A less obvious result was that adding parasites slightly reduced connectance, a key metric considered to affect food web stability. However, reported reducti...
متن کاملParasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links
Parasitism is the most common consumer strategy among organisms, yet only recently has there been a call for the inclusion of infectious disease agents in food webs. The value of this effort hinges on whether parasites affect food-web properties. Increasing evidence suggests that parasites have the potential to uniquely alter food-web topology in terms of chain length, connectance and robustnes...
متن کاملProinflammatory cytokines dominate the early immune response to filarial parasites.
Although the early human immune response to the infective-stage larvae (L3) of Brugia malayi has not been well-characterized in vivo (because of the inability to determine the precise time of infection), the consensus has been that it must involve a predominant Th2 environment. We have set up an in vitro system to study this early immune response by culturing PBMC from unexposed individuals wit...
متن کاملIncluding parasites in food webs.
Growing evidence indicates parasite inclusion in food-web analyses is a logical default. Comparisons of food webs including and excluding host-parasite interactions demonstrate the influence of parasites on community dynamics. Although including parasites is undoubtedly informative, the necessary level of detail exists for only a handful of systems. In a recent Ecology Letters article, Lafferty...
متن کاملParasites and the Food Supply
1990). Today, that figure has multiplied by more than a factor of 8. In the past, the risk of human infection with parasites was considered to be limited to distinct geographic regions because of parasites’ adaptations to specific definitive hosts, select intermediate hosts and particular environmental conditions. These barriers are slowly being breeched—first by international travel developing...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
سال: 2006
ISSN: 0027-8424,1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604755103